]> Entities and relations for the chemistry domain. 2007-10-01 Dumontier Lab Michel Dumontier Chemistry Ontology (primitive) en application/rdf+xml 2.0 A chemical compound that when dissolved in water, has a pH less than 7.0. It is also defined by a compound that donates a hydrogen ion. acid acid-base reaction A chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with a base. acidic The quality of being acidic, basic or neutral. acidity addition reaction An organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one. Addition reactions are limited to chemical compounds that have multiply-bonded atoms: * Molecules with carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds * Molecules with carbon - hetero double bonds like C=O or C=N An allotrope of carbon considered to be the least compressible material known, as measured by its isothermal bulk modulus; aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa. ADNRs are also 0.3% denser than regular diamond. T aggregated carbon nanorods allotrope A structural variant of an element. amorphous carbon Amorphous carbon is an allotrope of carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions. anion A negatively charged ion. Wikipedia An anti conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between +/-90 and 180 degrees. anti conformation An anticlinal conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 90 to 150 or -90 to -150 degrees. Wikipedia anticlinal conformation A chemical bond that in which extra stability is obtained by the sharing of electrons below and above the plane. aromatic bond basic NaCl (Sodium Chloride) is a binary compound, as it is an ionically bound compound made up of two elements. A chemical compound consisting of only atoms of two different element. binary compound bose einstein condensate carbon allotrope An allotrope of carbon. An allotrope of carbon that consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern. carbon nanofoam A chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy. catalyst catalyzed reaction A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by some agent. cation A positively charged ion. cation pi interaction An electronic interaction between the localized negative charge of π orbital electrons, located above and below the plane of an aromatic ring, and a positive charge. chaoite An allotrope of carbon that is slightly harder than graphite with a reflection colour of grey to white. chemical agent A chemical that acts on another chemical. A strong interaction between atoms. chemical bond The quality of a conformer due to the spatial orientation of atoms rotating about a bond. chemical conformation chemical interaction An interaction having one or more chemical participants. A quality of the state of a macroscopic physical system with relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties. chemical phase A quality of a chemical. chemical quality A process in which at least one chemical is converted into another. chemical reaction chemical reaction pathway chemical substance Any material with a definite chemical composition. chiral center The quality of an atom that is bonded to four different chemical species, allowing for optical isomerism. cis isomer A cis isomer is a diastereomer in which the substituent groups are placed on the same side of the double bond. Isomers cannot be interconverted by chemical bond rotations. cis/trans isomer clinal conformation Wikipedia A clinal conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is 30 to 150 or -30 to -150 degrees. A reagent that is required for catalysis of some reaction. It is not consumed/transformed in the chemical reaction. A quality of a chemical system that is commonly observed. common chemical phase A complex is a compound in which molecules, atoms, or ions may interact through weak non-covalent chemical bonds. complex A substance made up of two or more elements covalently bonded together. compound A conformer is a diastereomer due to chemical bond rotations. conformer covalent bond A strong bond between two atoms sharing one or more electrons. crystalline phase D isomer An D isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer. D or L isomers are optical isomers that are identified by comparing the spatial configuration of its atoms to glyceraldehyde. D or L isomer chemical analysis An inorganic reaction in which a chemical compound is fragmented into elements or smaller compounds. decomposition reaction A carbon allotrope in which each carbon atom in diamond is covalently bonded to four other carbons in a tetrahedron. These tetrahedrons together form a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. diamond diastereomer A diastereomer is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image of its isomer. An interaction that occurs between strongly electronegative atoms. dipole-dipole interaction An inorganic reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound. displacement reaction A chemical bond between two sulfur atoms. disulfide bond A double displacement reaction is a displacement reaction in which two compounds swap ions, effectively displacing each other to form two new compounds. metathesis double replacement ion exchange reactions The quality of a chemical conformation that exists in any open chain single chemical bond connecting two sp3 hybridised atoms as a conformational energy maximum due to steric hindrance. eclipsed conformation electric charge The quality of having an imbalance of electric charge. Electronegativity The quality of force required to remove an electron from the outer shell. electronic interaction An intermolecular interaction that involves the interaction of electrons. A polar addition reaction where a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds. electrophilic addition reaction An interation that involves the interaction of electrons, but that are not shared. electrostatic interaction An enantiomer is a stereoisomer that is a mirror image of its isomer. fermionic condensate ferromagnetic phase free radical addition A non-polar addition reaction involving free radicals. buckytube A carbon allotrope which take the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. fullerene buckyball The quality of substance to be in a gas phase. gas phase gauche conformation synclinal conformation A gauche conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 30 to 90 or -30 to -90 degrees. Wikipedia skew conformation An allotrope of carbon which is widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices. glassy carbon An allotrope of carbon which is a conductor, and is the most stable form of solid carbon. graphite heterogeneous mixture A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture without definite composition. homogeneous mixture A mixture of definite composition and properties such that any amount of a given mixture has the same composition and properties A dipole interaction between a hydrogen bound to an electronegative atom and some other electronegative atom. hydrogen bond The quality of interacting favourably (decreases the energy of the system) with water. hydrophilic hydrophobic The quality of poorly iinteracting with water (increases the energy of the system). hydrophobic interaction An interaction between non-polar groups in aqueous solvent. A quality that reflects how well the compound interacts with surrounding water molecules. hydrophobicity An inorganic reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the transformation of inorganic participants. inorganic reaction An interaction between molecules. intermolecular interaction ion A particle that is electrically charged. A strong electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged atoms which have an electronegativity difference of over 1.6 (by convention). ionic bond A binary compound that consists of positive and negative ions. ionic compound A compound that is compositionally identical to another compound as a result of a different atomic connectivity. isomer isomerization A chemical reaction in which a molecule is derived into its isomer. An L isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in a counter-clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer. linear molecular geometry A linear geometry of a molecule. liquid crystal phase liquid phase lonsdaleite A hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond. metal complex A complex that contains at least one metal. mixture A substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together. molecular center molecular complex assembly molecular complex disassociation molecular complex formation An interaction between molecules that leads The geometry of a molecule. molecular geometry mulliken electronegativity A quality of the average ionization potential and electron affinity. negative charge neutral acidity neutral phase non polar Methane is considered non-polar because the carbon shares the hydrogen molecules uniformally. The quality of equal sharing of electrons among atoms in a covalent bond. non polar addition reaction nonpolar solvent A solvent that has the quality of being nonpolar. An addition reaction where a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds by the addition from a nucleophile. nucleophilic addition reaction octahedral molecular geometry A molecular geometry in which 6 ligands are symmetrically arranged around a central atom in an octahedral geometry. An optical isomer rotates the plane of polarization of a beam of plane polarized light. A chemical reaction involving at least one organic compound or substance. organic reaction oxidizing agent A chemical agent that oxidizes another compound. paramagnetic phase pauling electronegativity A quality of electronegativity that ranges from 0 to 4. A periplanar conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 0 to 30 or 150 to 180 degrees. Wikipedia periplanar conformation plasma phase The quality of unequal sharing of electrons from atoms in a covalent bond. Water is considered polar because of the uneven sharing of its electrons. polar polar addition reaction An electrostatic interaction between atoms which have an electronegativity difference of over 1.6 (by convention). polar bond A solvent that has the quality of being polar. polar solvent Polarity is a quality that refers to the dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between the slightly positively-charged end of one molecule to the negative end of another or the same molecule. Molecular polarity is dependent on the difference in electronegativity between atoms in a compound and the asymmetry of the compound's structure. polarity positive charge precipitate An insoluble product. A chemical reaction in which two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product, a precipitate. precipitation reaction A chemical substance that cannot be separated into other substances by any mechanical process. pure substance quark gluon plasma phase An R isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer. R isomer An RSIsomer is an optical isomer based on the chiral center(s) of the molecule. R or S isomer An equimolar solution of two enantiomers capable of rotating the plane of plane-polarized light in opposite directions shows no optical rotation. racemic mixture radical An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron. The quality of an atom (or group of atoms) on which an unpaired electron is largely localized. radical center A chemical reaction in which there is a net movement of electrons from one reactant to another. redox reaction reducing agent A chemical agent that reduces another compound. A rotamer is a conformer for which the rotation barrier is the activation energy required to jump from one conformer to another. rotamer S isomer An S isomer is an optical isomer in which the three highest priority substitutents decreases in counter-clockwise direction when the lowest is pointed away from the viewer. A displacement reaction where one element is transferred out of one compound and into another. single displacement reaction solid phase solute A substance that dissolves in a solvent. A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of one or more substances, known as solutes, dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. A substance that dissolves other substances, thus forming a solution. solvent square planar molecular geometry A molecular geometry in which molecules have their atoms lying in a square about a central atom. square pyramidal molecular geometry An octrahedral molecular geometry in which four bonded atoms and two lone electron pair. staggered conformation A staggered conformation is a chemical conformation that exists in any open chain single chemical bond connecting two sp3 hybridised atoms as a conformational energy minimum Wikipedia A stereoisomer is an isomer in which the atomic connectivity is the same, but differs in its spatial arrangement of atoms. stereoisomer strange matter phase A structural isomer is an isomer in which the atoms are joined together in different ways. structural isomer substrate A reactant that is consumed or changed in a chemical reaction. super fluid phase super solid phase A syn conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between -90 and 90 degrees. syn conformation Wikipedia A synperiplanar conformation is a chemical conformation in which the torsion angle is between 0 to 30 degrees. Wikipedia synperiplanar conformation An inorganic reaction in which two or more reagents are chemically bonded together to produce a single product. combination reaction synthesis reaction A molecular geometry in which a central atom of the molecule is located at the center with four substituents located at the corners of a tetrahedron. tetrahedral molecular geometry A topological complex is a complex in which the exact interactions between the components are specified. topological complex A trans isomer is a diastereomer in which substituent groups are placed on the opposite side of the double bond. trans isomer A molecular geometry in which one atom at the center and 5 more at the corners of a triangular dipyramid. trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry trigonal planar molecular geometry A molecular geometry in which the molecule contains one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of a triangle all in one plane. trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry A molecular geometry in which the molecule has one atom at the apex and three atoms at the corners of a trigonal base. The quality of a macroscopic physical system that is not commonly observed. uncommon chemical phase A weak interaction between an instantaneous dipole and induced dipole. van der Waal's interaction A relation between two diastereomers in which there is only a difference in the rotation of bonds. has conformer has diastereomer A symmetric relation between two stereoisomers in which they are not mirror images of one another. has enantiomer A symmetric relation between two stereoisomers in which they are the mirror images of each other. has isomer A symmetric relation between two compounds for which there is an identical composition, but different spatial arrangement of atoms. has stereoisomer A symmetric, transitive relation between two isomeric compounds whose atomic connectivity is the same, but differs in its spatial arrangement of atoms. has structural isomer A symmetric, transitive relation between two isomers in which the bond structure differs. change in enthalpy heat content has delta H The enthalpic component of free energy. change in entropy The entropy component of free energy. has delta S